The proliferation of online dating platforms has reshaped the landscape of social interactions, establishing a new norm for how we form connections and find romantic partners.
However, with this promising development comes an alarming trend of violence and assault that has found a new avenue to perpetrate harm.
This research article presents an analytical review of 2023 statistics on sexual assault, violence, and murders associated with online dating.
Note: All graphics are free to share under the CC BY-NC-SA license
Reporting Incidences of Online and In-Person Dating App Facilitated Sexual Violence to Law Enforcement by Gender and Sexual Orientation
- Overall, the reporting rates for in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents (13.82% on average) are higher than those for online incidents (7.82% on average).
- Heterosexual men report these incidents to the police at the highest rates, both for online (11%) and in-person incidents (18.1%), which are approximately 1.41 and 1.31 times higher than the average rates respectively.
- Among men, LGB+ individuals are less likely to report both online and in-person incidents (7.7% and 13.7% respectively) compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This corresponds to roughly 0.7 times less frequent reporting for both types of incidents.
- Female victims report these incidents to the police less frequently than their male counterparts, irrespective of their sexual orientation. Specifically, LGB+ women report online and in-person incidents at slightly higher rates (6.6% and 10.2% respectively) than heterosexual women (6.2% and 12% respectively).
- Non-binary individuals report online incidents at a slightly higher rate (7.6%) than the average for all groups, whereas their reporting rate for in-person incidents (15.1%) falls in the middle of the range compared to other groups. [1]
For more research backed LGBT statistics, read: 57 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Statistics: Dating, Health & Discrimination
Reporting Incidences of Online and In-Person Dating App Facilitated Sexual Violence by Type and Reporting Agencies
- Overall, victims tend to report these incidents more often to friends, with rates of 24.5% for online incidents and 33.6% for in-person incidents, making friends the most common reporting entity in both cases. The reporting rate to friends for in-person incidents is approximately 1.37 times higher than for online incidents.
- Victims report these incidents to the mobile dating platform at a rate of 21.5% for online incidents and 19.2% for in-person incidents, making it the second most common reporting avenue. Notably, online incidents are reported to the mobile dating platform approximately 1.12 times more often than in-person incidents.
- The reporting of incidents to family members is significantly higher for in-person incidents (18.2%) than for online incidents (10.5%), with the in-person reporting rate being approximately 1.73 times higher.
- Reporting rates to the police are 8.3% for online incidents and 14.7% for in-person incidents. Victims report in-person incidents to the police approximately 1.77 times more often than online incidents.
- Work colleagues or employers are informed about these incidents 6.8% of the time for online incidents and 13% of the time for in-person incidents, meaning that in-person incidents are reported approximately 1.91 times more often.
- Reporting to eSafety and consumer reporting agencies are only applicable to online incidents, with a reporting rate of 5.3% and 3.9% respectively. [1]
Do People Feel Safe On Dating Platforms?
- The American public is almost evenly split on the perception of safety in online dating, with 53% viewing dating sites and apps as very or somewhat safe, while 46% perceive them as not too safe or not safe at all.
- Personal experience with online dating significantly influences perceptions of safety. Those who have used dating sites or apps are more likely to see online dating as safe (71%), compared to less than half (47%) of those who have never used these platforms.
- There is a gender divide in the perception of safety in online dating, with women being more likely than men to view dating sites and apps as not a safe way to meet people (53% vs. 39%). [2]
Chances of Meeting a Serial Killer on a Dating App
Estimates for the number of serial killers operating in the U.S. at any given time vary, but they are often cited as being between 25 to 50, averaging 37.5.
Considering that the population of the United States is over 330 million people, the odds of coming across one of these serial killers can be estimated at 0.00001136%.
So how many people would you have to date in order to meet a serial killer?
Let’s calculate that:
330,000,000 (the U.S. population) divided by 37.5 (estimated number of serial killers) equals approximately 8,800,000.
So, you would theoretically have to date around 8,800,000 people before you met one serial killer. [3]
Chances of Meeting a Rapist on a Dating App
The average number of convicted rapists in the U.S. is 3,258 which means that the odds of coming across one of these rapists is 0.000988%.
So how many people would you have to date in order to meet a rapist?
Let’s calculate that:
330,000,000 (the U.S. population) divided by 3,258 (estimated number of convicted rapists) equals approximately 101,233.
So, you would theoretically have to date around 101,233 people before you met one rapist.
To put it all together, you’re 87 times more likely to meet a convicted rapist on a dating app than a serial killer.
However, this estimation is quite simplified and comes with several important caveats:
- Serial killers/ rapists are not evenly distributed among the population. Certain regions may have higher or lower numbers.
- Not all serial killers/ rapists would necessarily be using dating apps. Their methods and means of selecting potential victims vary.
- Serial killers/ rapists do not conform to any specific demographic. They can be of any gender, age, occupation, etc. Your chances of encountering one can be influenced by your dating preferences.
- The number of serial killers/ rapists is an estimate, with the actual number potentially being higher or lower.
These calculations provide a stark perspective on just how rare these individuals are within the population.
Nonetheless, when it comes to online dating, it's essential to always exercise caution and good judgment when meeting new people. [4]
Percentage of Sexual Assault Cases Initiated via Online Dating
According to official UK data, 10% of all sexual assault cases are now initiated via online dating. [5]
Number of Crimes Linked to Dating Apps by Year
The number of reported crimes mentioning Grindr or Tinder received by the Police in England and Wales (30 police forces in total) saw a notable increase over the specified time period.
In 2013, there were 55 reports, which then rose by 270.9% to 204 in 2014 and further escalated by 102% to 412 in the year leading up to October 2015, resulting in a total increase of 749%.
Among these reported crimes, violent and sexual offenses were the most prevalent. A total of 253 allegations of violence against the person and 152 reports of sex offenses, including grooming, rapes, and the sexual exploitation of children, were recorded. [6]
Percentage Of Age And Gender Of Online Sexual Assault Victims
Percentage of Age And Gender of Sexual Assault Victims Overall
- The age range of 16-24 years shows a higher victimization trend, with the highest proportion of victims observed in this range. Females peak at the age group of 20-24 (23.4%), while males peak slightly earlier at 16-19 (23.7%). This highlights the vulnerability of young adults in terms of sexual assault victimization.
- For the age group 15 and below, males (7%) are 2.1 times more likely to experience online sexual assault than females (3.2%). This indicates a higher risk for younger males in online environments.
- It is noteworthy that there are zero reported cases of online sexual assault for males aged 55 and above. This could suggest that older males are either less targeted or that these cases are underreported due to factors such as digital illiteracy, shame, or unawareness.
- The overall gender split for online sexual assault victims is 16.8% male and 83.2% female (4.96 times more), indicating a higher proportion of female victims in online settings.
- In contrast, the overall gender split for all sexual assault victims is 6.9% male and 93.1% female (13.48 times more), with a larger proportion of female victims across all types of sexual assault, including both online and offline incidents. [5]
Percentage Breakdown Sexual Offense by Initiation Methods (Taxi, Burglary, Online) and Year
- The percentage of sexual offenses initiated by bogus taxi drivers declined by around 47.8%, decreasing from 2.3% in 2014/2015 to 1.2% in 2020/2021.
- Sexual offenses initiated through burglary witnessed an approximately 69.4% increase, rising from 3.6% in 2014/2015 to 6.1% in 2020/2021.
- A noteworthy surge of approximately 122.2% was observed in the incidence of online-initiated sexual offenses, with the rate escalating from 4.5% in 2014/2015 to 10% in 2020/2021. [5]
Location of Online Dating-Initiated Offenses
Of the victims of offenses initiated through online dating, 42% first met the offender in a residence (victim’s or offender’s residence), and 74% experienced the assault in a residence. [5]
Substance Use by Victims Prior to Sexual Assault: Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
Victims of dating app facilitated sexual assaults were found to engage in substance use less frequently prior to the assault as compared to those involved in non-dating app facilitated assaults. The use of alcohol was 20% lower (24.4% vs. 44.4%), while drug use was 5.8% lower (16.2% vs. 22%).
Overall, substance use was approximately 12.9% lower in cases of dating app facilitated sexual assaults compared to other assaults. [7]
Demographics of Sexual Assault Victims: Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
When comparing the demographics of dating app facilitated sexual assaults to non-dating app facilitated ones, victims of dating app facilitated assaults are about 2.19 times less likely to lack a permanent address (9.9% vs. 21.7%).
Male victims are approximately 2.03 times more common in dating app facilitated assaults (7.5% vs. 3.7%).
The proportion of victims who are college students is about 1.35 times higher in dating app facilitated assaults (22.2% vs. 16.5%).
Finally, victims who identify as white are slightly more common in dating app facilitated assaults, with a ratio of 1.06 (78.5% vs. 74.1%). [7]
Health Conditions of Sexual Assault Victims: Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
The health condition profile of victims of dating app facilitated sexual assaults reveals some notable patterns.
At 59.6%, these victims are 1.27 times more inclined to reveal a mental illness or their use of psychotropic medications than those involved in non-dating app facilitated assaults, who disclose at a rate of 47.1%.
Additionally, chronic medical conditions are found 1.22 times more often among victims of dating app facilitated assaults (45.1%) compared to their non-dating app facilitated counterparts (37%).
Physical or mental impairment, although marginally higher in dating app facilitated assaults at 9.6%, only slightly surpasses the 8.7% seen in non-dating app facilitated assaults, indicating a 1.1 times increase.
Yet, the prevalence of victims with a past experience of sexual assault, either before 14 years (41.4% in dating app facilitated vs. 46.7% in non-dating app facilitated) or after 14 years (42.0% in dating app facilitated vs. 46.0% in non-dating app facilitated), showcases no significant difference. [7]
Assault Characteristics of Sexual Assault Victims: Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
- At a rate of 34.9%, dating app facilitated assaults are approximately 0.7 times less likely to experience a loss of consciousness during the assault compared to victims of non-dating app facilitated assaults, where the rate is 50.1%.
- Furthermore, victims of dating app facilitated assaults are significantly less likely to awaken to an assault, at a rate of 4.7%, which is approximately 0.33 times the rate of 14.3% seen in non-dating app facilitated assaults.
- Considering these specific assault characteristics, they are approximately 0.61 times less prevalent in dating app facilitated assaults compared to non-dating app related incidents. [7]
Defensive Actions of Sexual Assault Victims: Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
- At a rate of 5.8%, dating app facilitated assaults are approximately 0.57 times less likely to kick their assailant compared to victims of non-dating app facilitated assaults, who respond in this way 10.2% of the time.
- Similarly, these victims are less likely to hit their perpetrator, with a frequency of 9.0%, representing roughly 0.65 times the rate of 13.9% seen in non-dating app facilitated assaults.
- The defensive action of scratching shows less differentiation between dating app facilitated and non-dating app facilitated assaults, with rates of 15.0% and 13.3%, respectively.
- The action of biting also demonstrates minimal difference with rates of 5.8% for dating app facilitated assaults versus 6.2% for non-dating app facilitated assaults.
- Overall, defensive actions are approximately 0.82 times less prevalent in dating app facilitated assaults compared to non-dating app related incidents, suggesting potential limitations or difficulties in resistance in such situations. [7]
Perpetrator Characteristics In Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
An analysis of perpetrator characteristics in dating app facilitated sexual assaults reveals notable differences when compared to other sexual assaults.
Ejaculation is reported significantly more frequently in dating app facilitated cases, occurring at a rate of 52.7%, which is 56% higher than in other sexual assaults.
Condom usage is also more prevalent, with a frequency of 15.0%, representing an 83% increase compared to other sexual assaults.
Similarly, lubrication use shows a 67% increase in dating app facilitated cases, accounting for 14.2% of incidents.
On the other hand, alcohol usage by perpetrators is less common in dating app facilitated assaults, with a decrease of 25% (30.0% vs. 40.0%).
However, drug use exhibits a slight increase in dating app facilitated cases, with a frequency of 29.7%, compared to 25.3% in other sexual assaults. [7]
Perpetrator Actions Towards Victim In Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
Victims of dating app facilitated sexual assaults encounter more intense forms of aggression compared to non-dating app related incidents.
- Strangulation (32.4% vs 21.5%) occurs approximately 1.5 times more often or a third of the time, while the act of washing victims by perpetrators (13.8% vs 8.4%) is about 1.6 times as frequent.
- Verbal threats or coercion (46.8% vs 42.8%) are roughly 1.09 times more common, and weapon use (11.0% vs 9.1%) is around 1.2 times as prevalent.
- The use of restraints (5.2% vs 4.1%) is about 1.27 times more frequent in dating app facilitated incidents.
- However, actions such as hitting or punching (15.9% vs 15.5%) and being grabbed or held (73.9% vs 73.5%) show marginal differences, with respective rates of approximately 1.03 and 1.01 times more in dating app facilitated cases. [7]
Assaultive Acts In Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
Victims of dating app facilitated sexual assaults are 1.19 times more likely to experience specific assaultive acts compared to non-dating app related incidents.
- Contact with the victim’s mouth by the perpetrator’s penis/genitals (49.8% vs 31.0%) is about 1.6 times more frequent.
- Contact with the victim’s mouth by the perpetrator’s mouth (81.2% vs 68.0%) is roughly 1.19 times more common.
- Contact with the victim’s anus by the perpetrator’s penis (29.0% vs 22.5%) is around 1.29 times more prevalent.
- Contact with the victim’s vagina by the perpetrator's penis (89.4% vs 85.0%) occurs 1.05 times more often, while contact with the victim’s genitalia by the perpetrator’s mouth (35.3% vs 33.1%) shows a small difference, with a rate of approximately 1.07 times more in dating app facilitated incidents. [7]
Assault Characteristics In Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
When considering specific assault characteristics, they are approximately 0.58 times less prevalent in dating app facilitated sexual assaults compared to non-dating app related incidents:
- Multiple perpetrators are involved about 0.58 times less frequently (6.2% vs 10.6%).
- Drug-facilitated assaults are suspected around 0.57 times less often (10.2% vs 17.7%). [7]
Assault Location In Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
The location of the assault also varies:
In houses or apartments it is roughly 1.05 times more frequent (72.5% vs 69.3%), in cars it is around 1.29 times more common (14.3% vs 11.1%), and in other locations like motels, bars, and clubs it is about 0.75 times less common (10.3% vs 13.8%). Outdoor assaults occur around 0.51 times less often (2.9% vs 5.7%) in dating app facilitated incidents. [7]
Anogenital Injuries In Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
The overall prevalence of anogenital injuries (anogenital injuries refer to injuries in the genital and anal areas) is higher in dating app related assaults by about 1.65 times (50.2% vs 38.8%).
When looking at specific types of injuries, abrasions are approximately 3.7 times more common (25.1% vs 6.8%), and lacerations occur about 1.36 times more often (27.4% vs 20.2%).
The location of these injuries also differ:
The fossa and fourchette are affected about 1.59 and 1.94 times more often, respectively. Labia Majora, Hymen, and Perineum injuries are also more prevalent in dating app facilitated assaults, being about 2.1, 2.33, and 1.9 times more frequent, respectively.[7]
Non-anogenital Injuries In Dating App Facilitated vs. Non-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault
Overall, Non-anogenital injuries are 1.07 times more common in dating app facilitated incidents (71.4% vs 64.6%).
Specifically, injuries to the breast are around 1.69 times more common (23.5% vs 13.9%), while chest/back injuries show similar prevalence in both types of assaults. Injuries to the neck are roughly similar, and those to the extremities and head are approximately 0.99 and 1.06 times more common in dating app facilitated incidents. [7]
Previous Suspect Convictions by Percentage: Online Dating Offenses vs. Other Rapes/Sexual Offences
While a lower proportion of suspects in online dating offenses have prior convictions (47%) compared to other rapes/sexual offenses (54%), there are variations in the types of offenses committed by suspects in each category. Suspects of online dating offenses show a relatively higher association with drugs (25%) and firearms/shotguns/offensive weapons (16%), while suspects of all rapes/sexual offenses are more commonly associated with offenses against the person (53%), sexual offenses (12%), theft offenses (35%), and offenses related to police/prisons (39%). [5]
The Time Gap between Initial Online Contact and First In-Person Meeting in Leading to Sexual Offenses
Among online sexual assault victims, 20% have their first in-person meeting with the perpetrator within one day of the initial online contact. An additional 23% meet between day one and one week. The majority of victims (57%) first meet their perpetrators more than one week after the initial online contact. [5]
Prevalence of Online Sexual Communication Prior to In-Person Meetings
The data reveals that 54% of sexual offenders engaged in online sexual communication prior to meeting, while the remaining 46% did not. [5]
Online Versus In-Person Dating App Facilitated Sexual Violence by Type, Sexual Orientation and Gender
Key insights from this data are:
- Overall, irrespective of gender identity or sexual orientation, victims experience online dating app facilitated sexual violence at a rate that is approximately 2.3 times higher (averaged across all groups) than in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence, with rates ranging from 61.5% for male heterosexuals to 86.6% for female LGB+ individuals.
- The prevalence of overall online dating app facilitated sexual violence among female LGB+ individuals is about 1.4 times higher than that of male heterosexuals. Similarly, non-binary individuals experience this type of violence approximately 1.02 times more often, with rates at 84.5% compared to 61.5% for male heterosexuals.
- Across all demographics, online sexual harassment is the most common form of online sexual violence and occurs roughly 1.3 times more often on average than the next most common form, abusive and threatening language, with rates ranging from 56.7% (male heterosexuals) to 84.9% (female LGB+ individuals).
- For in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence, the incidence of sexual assault and coercion is the most common form and is approximately 1.4 times more frequent than the next most common form, reproductive/sexual health-related abuse, with rates varying from 21.2% (male heterosexuals) to 42.1% (female LGB+ individuals).
- Non-binary individuals report online stalking at a rate approximately 1.65 times higher than male heterosexuals, and in the context of in-person incidents, they report instances of stalking about 1.6 times more often, with rates at 42.3% and 19.7% respectively compared to other groups.
- Male heterosexuals have a lower prevalence across almost all categories of both online and in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence, which is on average around 0.8 times less than the prevalence for other groups. In contrast, female LGB+ and non-binary individuals report rates that are on average around 1.2 times higher.
- In-person image-based sexual abuse is relatively less common compared to other forms of in-person abuse, occurring approximately 0.7 times less often on average across all groups, with rates ranging from 7.5% (female heterosexuals) to 17.9% (male LGB+ individuals).
- Reproductive/sexual health-related abuse in-person incidents is notably high in male LGB+ individuals and non-binary individuals, occurring roughly 2.1 times and 1.57 times higher respectively than in male heterosexuals, with rates at 31.8% and 23.9% respectively.
- The rates of overall in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence for female LGB+ individuals are approximately 1.86 times higher than the rate for male heterosexuals. Similarly, non-binary individuals face overall in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence at a rate that is approximately 1.59 times higher than the rate for male heterosexuals.
- Female LGB+ individuals facing risks that are 1.41 times higher (on average, considering both online and in-person violence).
- Non-binary individuals facing risks that are 1.37 times higher (on average, considering both online and in-person violence). [8]
Co-Occurrence of Online and In-Person Dating App Facilitated Sexual Violence by Sexual Orientation and Gender
- On average, across all demographic groups, the majority of victims experience only online dating app facilitated sexual violence (53.7%) compared to those who experience only in-person incidents (1.5%) or both forms of violence (44.8%).
- Male heterosexual individuals have the highest rate of online only incidents (57.7%), which is approximately 1.07 times higher than the overall average.
- In contrast, male LGB+ and female LGB+ individuals have a significantly higher co-occurrence of both online and in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence (54% and 56.3% respectively), approximately 1.2 times higher than the overall average.
- Among all groups, female LGB+ individuals experience the highest rate of both online and in-person incidents (56.3%), followed by male LGB+ (54%) and non-binary individuals (50%).
- The incidence of in-person only dating app facilitated sexual violence is extremely low across all groups, with non-binary individuals reporting no such incidents.
- Female heterosexual and male heterosexual individuals report in-person only incidents at a rate higher than the overall average (1.1% and 2.1% respectively), while male LGB+ and female LGB+ individuals report rates below average (2.2% and 0.6% respectively).
- Non-binary individuals evenly report incidents of online only and both online and in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence (both at 50%), suggesting an equal likelihood of encountering these forms of violence. [8]
For more research backed LGBT statistics, read: 57 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Statistics: Dating, Health & Discrimination
Post-Dating App Facilitated Sexual Violence Evasion Tactics by Perpetrators: Unmatching, Blocking, or Account Deletion by Gender and Sexual Orientation
- Generally, these evasion tactics are encountered more frequently after in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents (48.58% on average) compared to online dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents (42.38% on average).
- Male victims, both heterosexual and LGB+, encounter these tactics at higher rates after both online (39.2% and 47.3% respectively) and in-person (54% and 54.6% respectively) dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents compared to female and non-binary victims.
- Male LGB+ victims are the most likely to experience these evasion tactics after both online and in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents (47.3% and 54.6% respectively), approximately 1.12 times more often than the average rate in both cases.
- Among female victims, LGB+ individuals encounter these tactics significantly more often after online dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents (46.4%) compared to their heterosexual counterparts (35.7%), approximately 1.3 times more frequently. However, this difference is less pronounced after in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents, with rates at 50% for LGB+ and 42% for heterosexual individuals.
- Non-binary individuals encounter these tactics at a similar rate for both online and in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence incidents (43.3% for both), suggesting a consistent experience across different contexts.
- Overall, 39.5% of respondents who experienced online dating app facilitated sexual violence, were either unmatched or blocked by the perpetrator or had their own account deleted. Within this group, 43.3% reported that multiple individuals used these tactics. In the case of in-person dating app facilitated sexual violence, nearly half of the respondents (48.9%) said that the perpetrator deleted their account or unmatched or blocked them, and 37.0% of these respondents said that multiple perpetrators were involved in these actions. [8]
Summary
I hope you've gained from this research paper. As always, if you have any questions or comments, be sure to share them in the comments.
Coach Colt
Sources:
[1] https://www.aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-03/ti662_reporting_of_dating_app_facilitated_sexual_violence_to_the_police.pdf, Lawler S & Boxall H 2023. Reporting of dating app facilitated sexual violence to the police: Victim-survivor experiences and outcomes. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 662. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78887 (https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi662)
[2] https://www.pewresearch.org/ft_2020-02-06_datingtakeaways_07/, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/02/06/10-facts-about-americans-and-online-dating/
[3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342501023_RadfordFGCU_Annual_Report_on_Serial_Killer_Statistics_2020, https://datacommons.org/place/country/USA/?utm_medium=explore&mprop=count&popt=Person&hl=en
[4] https://www.thehivelaw.com/blog/how-many-rapists-are-convicted/
[5] https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/publications/607-nca-scas-online-dating-report-2016/file, https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/publications/583-online-dating-scas-statistics-2021/file
[6] https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/16/crimes-linked-to-tinder-and-grindr-increase-seven-fold/
[7] Valentine, J. L., Miles, L. W., Mella Hamblin, K., & Worthen Gibbons, A. (2023). Dating App Facilitated Sexual Assault: A Retrospective Review of Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examination Charts. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(9–10), 6298–6322. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221130390
[8] Wolbers H et al. 2022. Sexual harassment, aggression and violence victimisation among mobile dating app and website users in Australia. Research Report no. 25. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/rr78740
